Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction -- References -- Part I The Journey -- 2 First Lessons in Global Change -- 2.1 Youth Adventures -- 2.2 Beginning Biological Lessons -- 2.3 Broadening My Horizons -- 2.4 Crater Lake Turning Point -- 2.5 Storm of a Century -- 2.6 The Deep Sea PhD -- 2.7 Sea Legs and Tsunami -- 2.8 Around the World in 180 days -- References -- 3 Alaskan Lessons -- 3.1 Earthquake and Ignored Geologic Warnings -- 3.2 Looking for Offshore Gold -- 3.3 Hard and Humorous Logistics Lessons -- 3.4 Mercury Pollution -- 3.5 Encounters with Bear and Walrus -- 3.6 Assessing Hazards for Petroleum Development -- 3.7 Risks at Sea and on Shore -- 3.8 Gas in the Sea Bottom -- 3.9 Ships Crew-The Good and the Bad -- 3.10 Budget Cuts and Last Cruises -- 3.11 A Ship with no Captain -- References -- 4 Global Lessons -- 4.1 Crater Lake and Volcanic Hazards -- 4.2 A Flying Boat at Crater Lake -- 4.3 Politics and Science -- 4.4 Tiller Whales -- 4.5 Disappearing Walrus -- 4.6 Mediterranean Sea -- 4.7 Gulf of Mexico -- 4.8 Gulf of Mexico Hazards -- 4.9 Lake Baikal Russia -- 4.10 Russian Adventures -- 4.11 Corsica and Var France -- 4.12 Antarctic Natural World -- 4.13 Earthquakes and Hazards -- 4.14 New Millennium Studies -- References -- Part II Earth in Peril -- 5 Climate Change Patterns -- 5.1 Climate and Global Warming Background -- 5.2 Increased Greenhouse Gases -- 5.3 Acid Ocean -- 5.4 Rising Ocean Temperature and Sea Level -- 5.5 Diminishing Polar Ice, Mountain Glaciers, Permafrost -- 5.6 Past 20 years of Record-Breaking Temperatures -- 5.7 Worse Extreme Weather Events -- 5.8 Increasing Extinction Rates -- 5.9 Natural Versus Human-Caused Climate Change -- 5.10 Message to Global Warming Deniers and Skeptics -- References -- 6 Other Global Changes.

10 pages, 3 figures ; This special issue of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS) contains 16 papers that resulted from the European Science Foundation (ESF) Research Conference >Submarine Paleoseismology: The Offshore Search of Large Holocene Earthquakes> that was held at the Universitätszentrum Obergurgl (Austria), from 11 to 16 September 2010 (Pantosti et al., 2011). The conference enabled scientists from a number of existing lines of research to give an official start and international recognition to subaqueous paleoseismology. The scope of this Special Issue is built on the content of the ESF conference and includes different aspects of marine and lake paleoseismology. The 16 papers are separated into two main groups, namely, on-fault or off-fault paleoseismic studies. On-fault paleoseismology focuses on the observation, measurement and quantification of history of movements along the fault plane, where direct evidence of earthquake activity includes displacement of sediment strata and landforms such as seafloor scarps (Argnani et al., 2012; Beck et al., 2012; Gràcia et al., 2012; Perea et al., 2012; Polonia et al., 2012). Off-fault paleoseismology uses the sedimentary record to identify deposits generated, directly or indirectly by seismic activity, such as mass-transport deposits, turbidites and tsunamites (Drab et al., 2012; Morey et al., 2013; Cattaneo et al., 2012; Gerardi et al., 2012; Goldfinger et al., 2013b; Langridge et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2012; Patton et al., 2013; Pouderoux et al., 2012a; Smedile et al., 2012; Vacchi et al., 2012). © 2013 Author(s) ; We thank the European Science Foundation for having financially and logistically supported the Research (ESF) Conference "Submarine Paleoseismology: The Offshore Search of Large Holocene Earthquakes" that was held in Obergurgl in September 2010 and all the the scientists who participated in it. This article would not have been possible without funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through project SHAKE (CGL2011-30005-C02-02), the Catalan Government Generalitat de Catalunya through Grup de Recerca "Barcelona-Centre of Subsurface Imaging (B-CSI)" (2009 SGR 146, 2009–2013), the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE, previously Foundation for Research Science and Technology) through their program Paleoseismicity of the Alpine Fault and Hikurangi Margin (C01X0801), the EU TRANSFER project, and the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile-Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia agreement for years 2007–2009 ; Peer Reviewed

Antarctic ice sheet and Southern Ocean paleoceanographic configurations during the late Oligocene are not well resolved. They are however important to understand the influence of high-latitude Southern Hemisphere feedbacks on global climate under CO scenarios (between 400 and 750 ppm) projected by the IPCC for this century, assuming unabated CO emissions. Sediments recovered by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) at Site U1356, offshore of the Wilkes Land margin in East Antarctica, provide an opportunity to study ice sheet and paleoceanographic configurations during the late Oligocene (26-25 Ma). Our study, based on a combination of sediment facies analysis, magnetic susceptibility, density, and X-ray fluorescence geochemical data, shows that glacial and interglacial sediments are continuously reworked by bottom currents, with maximum velocities occurring during the interglacial periods. Glacial sediments record poorly ventilated, low-oxygenation bottom water conditions, interpreted as resulting from a northward shift of westerly winds and surface oceanic fronts. Interglacial sediments record more oxygenated and ventilated bottom water conditions and strong current velocities, which suggests enhanced mixing of the water masses as a result of a southward shift of the polar front. Intervals with preserved carbonated nannofossils within some of the interglacial facies are interpreted as forming under warmer paleoclimatic conditions when less corrosive warmer northern component water (e.g., North Atlantic sourced deep water) had a greater influence on the site. Spectral analysis on the late Oligocene sediment interval shows that the glacial-interglacial cyclicity and related displacements of the Southern Ocean frontal systems between 26 and 25Ma were forced mainly by obliquity. The paucity of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD) throughout the studied interval contrasts with earlier Oligocene and post-Miocene Climate Optimum sections from Site U1356 and with late Oligocene strata from the Ross Sea, which contain IRD and evidence for coastal glaciers and sea ice. These observations, supported by elevated sea surface paleotemperatures, the absence of sea ice, and reconstructions of fossil pollen between 26 and 25 Ma at Site U1356, suggest that open-ocean water conditions prevailed. Combined, this evidence suggests that glaciers or ice caps likely occupied the topographic highs and lowlands of the now marine Wilkes Subglacial Basin (WSB). Unlike today, the continental shelf was not overdeepened and thus ice sheets in the WSB were likely land-based, and marine-based ice sheet expansion was likely limited to coastal regions. ; This research used samples and data provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, now the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). We thank thestaff onboard IODP Exp. 318 and at the Gulf Coast, the Bremen, and the Kochi IODP core repositories for assistance in core handling and shipping. We thank Vera Lukies (MARUM) for technical support with XRF core scanning and Shizu Yanagimoto (KOCHI) fortechnical supportwith CT scans.We alsothank theconstructive comments of an anonymous reviewer and Steven Pekar that have helped to improve this paper. Funding for this research is provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants CTM 2011-24079 and CTM2014-60451-C2-1-P), co-funded by the European Union through FEDER funds. Ulrich Salzmann thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (RO 1113/6). Peter K. Bijl, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Julian D. Hartman acknowledge funding through the NWO polar programme grant no 866.10.110. Peter K. Bijl acknowledges funding through NWO-VENI grant no 863.13.002. Ulrich Salzmann acknowledges funding received from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant NE/H000984/1).